For calendar year 2026, a single retiree on Original Medicare with a full work history faces a fixed premium-and-deductible floor of about $3,131.80 per year, yet a commonly cited third-party lifetime estimate for total retirement health care is $172,500 for a single 65-year-old (Source: Fidelity Retiree Health Care Cost Estimate, 2025), and neither figure includes long-term care, which Medicare does not cover and which runs a national median of $127,750 per year for a private nursing home room (Source: Genworth/CareScout Cost of Care Survey, 2024).
By the numbers (2026 unless noted)
- Standard Part B premium: $202.90/month, up $17.90 from $185.00 in 2025 (Source: CMS, Federal Register notice 2025-20251).
- Part B annual deductible: $283, up $26 from $257 in 2025 (Source: CMS, Federal Register notice 2025-20251).
- Part D annual out-of-pocket cap: $2,100, indexed from the 2025 cap of $2,000 (Source: CMS, Final CY 2026 Part D Redesign Program Instructions).
- Part A inpatient hospital deductible: $1,736 per benefit period, up $60 from $1,676 in 2025 (Source: CMS MLN Matters MM14279).
- Skilled nursing facility coinsurance, days 21-100: $217/day (Source: CMS MLN Matters MM14279).
- Part B IRMAA surcharge (top bracket): $487.00/month per person on top of the standard premium (Source: CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579).
- Lifetime health care, single 65-year-old: $172,500 after tax (Source: Fidelity Retiree Health Care Cost Estimate, 2025).
- Private nursing home room, national median: $127,750/year (Source: Genworth/CareScout Cost of Care Survey, 2024).
Why “total cost” needs three layers
No single verified source captures the whole of what a retiree pays for health care under Medicare. Government sources publish precise annual rates. A widely cited industry actuarial study publishes a lifetime figure. A separate industry survey publishes long-term care prices for the one category Medicare largely does not cover. To describe the total picture without overstating or understating it, this reference separates the three and keeps them distinct.
Layer A is the recurring, knowable floor a beneficiary pays regardless of how much care they use. Layer B is the lifetime horizon. Layer C is a major uncovered risk. The layers are presented side by side, not summed, because Fidelity’s lifetime estimate already internalizes premiums and cost-sharing over a full retirement, while Layer A is a single-year snapshot.
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Layer A: the 2026 annual premium and deductible floor
The baseline case is a single 65-year-old on Original Medicare (Parts A, B, and D), with 40 or more work quarters (so a $0 Part A premium), standard income (no IRMAA surcharge), and a standalone prescription drug plan. Under CMS 2026 rates, the fixed floor is $3,131.80 per year.
| Component | Rate (2026) | Annual | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Part B premium | $202.90/mo | $2,434.80 | CMS FedReg 2025-20251 |
| Part B deductible | $283/yr | $283.00 | CMS FedReg 2025-20251 |
| Part D premium (avg standalone plan) | $34.50/mo | $414.00 | CMS press release (2026 stability) |
| Part A premium (40+ quarters) | $0 | $0.00 | CMS MM14279 |
| Annual fixed floor | $3,131.80 | computed | |
| Floor + full Part D out-of-pocket cap ($2,100) | $5,231.80 | computed |
The $34.50 Part D figure is a projected average for standalone plans in 2026, down from $38.31 in 2025 (Source: CMS press release, “Medicare Advantage and Medicare Prescription Drug Programs Expected to Remain Stable in 2026”). Actual plan premiums vary by plan and region. The 2026 Part D national base beneficiary premium is $38.99, and the standard defined Part D deductible is $615 (Source: CMS, Final CY 2026 Part D Redesign Program Instructions).
The $2,100 figure is the 2026 hard out-of-pocket cap on covered Part D drug cost-sharing, not a typical spend. After an enrollee reaches it, they pay $0 for covered Part D drugs for the rest of the year. Adding the full cap to the floor yields a near-ceiling annual exposure of $5,231.80. That still excludes Part B 20% coinsurance and any Part A hospital or skilled nursing cost-sharing, which depend on utilization.
Worked example: standard-income single retiree, 2026
A retiree with 41 work quarters and modified adjusted gross income below the IRMAA threshold pays $202.90 each month for Part B ($2,434.80 for the year), meets the $283 Part B deductible, and pays an average $34.50 each month for a standalone drug plan ($414.00 for the year), with no Part A premium. That is $3,131.80 before any care is used. If this person fills enough covered prescriptions to reach the $2,100 Part D cap, drug cost-sharing stops there, bringing premiums, the Part B deductible, and the drug cap to $5,231.80 for the year.
Part A cost-sharing if hospitalized (2026)
Part A premiums are $0 for most beneficiaries, but Part A cost-sharing applies per benefit period when hospital or skilled nursing care is used. These amounts are utilization-dependent and are not part of the fixed annual floor.
| Part A item (2026) | Amount | 2025 comparison | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inpatient hospital deductible (per benefit period, first 60 days) | $1,736 | $1,676 | CMS MM14279 / FedReg 2025-20249 |
| Hospital coinsurance, days 61-90 | $434/day | $419/day | CMS MM14279 |
| Lifetime reserve day coinsurance (days 91-150) | $868/day | $838/day | CMS MM14279 |
| Skilled nursing facility coinsurance, days 21-100 | $217/day | $209.50/day | CMS MM14279 |
The three daily Part A amounts are fractions of the $1,736 deductible: $434 is one-quarter, $868 is one-half, and $217 is one-eighth. Skilled nursing facility days 1-20 cost $0 after any applicable deductible; days 101 and beyond are paid entirely by the beneficiary. The maximum skilled nursing coinsurance exposure across days 21-100 is $217 multiplied by 80 days, or $17,360 in 2026 (Source: computed from CMS MM14279).
Layer A variant: IRMAA-loaded costs for higher-income retirees
The income-related monthly adjustment amount, or IRMAA, is a per-person surcharge added to both Part B and Part D premiums. It is based on modified adjusted gross income from the tax return two years prior, so 2026 IRMAA uses 2024 income. CMS reports IRMAA affects roughly 8% of Part B enrollees. Thresholds begin at $109,000 for an individual (or married filing separately) and $218,000 for married filing jointly (Source: CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579, December 2025; CMS Federal Register notice 2025-20251). For a deeper breakdown, see the Q3 reference on the Medicare IRMAA 2026 brackets and premiums.
2026 Part B IRMAA, individual filers
| 2024 MAGI (individual) | Monthly surcharge | Total Part B premium/mo | Annual Part B |
|---|---|---|---|
| $109,000 or less | $0.00 | $202.90 | $2,434.80 |
| Over $109,000 to $137,000 | $81.20 | $284.10 | $3,409.20 |
| Over $137,000 to $171,000 | $202.90 | $405.80 | $4,869.60 |
| Over $171,000 to $205,000 | $324.60 | $527.50 | $6,330.00 |
| Over $205,000 to under $500,000 | $446.30 | $649.20 | $7,790.40 |
| $500,000 or more | $487.00 | $689.90 | $8,278.80 |
For married filing jointly, the same premium amounts apply at doubled thresholds: $218,000 or less, over $218,000 to $274,000, over $274,000 to $342,000, over $342,000 to $410,000, over $410,000 to under $750,000, and $750,000 or more. IRMAA is a per-person surcharge, so each spouse who is enrolled pays their own (Source: CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579, December 2025).
2026 Part D IRMAA (paid on top of the plan premium)
| 2024 MAGI (individual / joint) | Part D monthly surcharge | Annual surcharge |
|---|---|---|
| $109,000 or less / $218,000 or less | $0.00 | $0 |
| Over $109,000-$137,000 / over $218,000-$274,000 | $14.50 | $174.00 |
| Over $137,000-$171,000 / over $274,000-$342,000 | $37.50 | $450.00 |
| Over $171,000-$205,000 / over $342,000-$410,000 | $60.40 | $724.80 |
| Over $205,000-under $500,000 / over $410,000-under $750,000 | $83.30 | $999.60 |
| $500,000 or more / $750,000 or more | $91.00 | $1,092.00 |
Combining both parts, the Part B IRMAA surcharge alone adds $974.40 to $5,844.00 per year per person, and the Part D IRMAA surcharge adds $174.00 to $1,092.00 per year per person. At the top bracket, combined Part B and Part D IRMAA reaches $6,936.00 per year per person (Source: computed from CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579).
| Higher-income annual figure (per person) | Amount |
|---|---|
| Part B IRMAA surcharge range | $974.40 to $5,844.00 |
| Part D IRMAA surcharge range | $174.00 to $1,092.00 |
| Combined B+D IRMAA, top bracket | $6,936.00 |
| Top-bracket total: Part B premium + deductible + Part D premium + Part D IRMAA (excludes drug out-of-pocket) | $10,067.80 |
At the top bracket, an individual pays $689.90 per month for Part B, or $8,278.80 per year, compared with $2,434.80 per year at the standard rate, an added roughly $5,844 per year. A top-bracket couple with both spouses enrolled adds roughly $11,688 per year in Part B IRMAA combined (Source: CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579). Because IRMAA is driven by income two years back, one-time income events such as large Roth conversions or capital gains can raise a future year’s surcharge; related planning topics appear in the Q3 references on taxation of Social Security benefits in 2026 and the net investment income tax in 2026.
Layer B: the lifetime health care estimate
A widely cited third-party lifetime figure comes from the Fidelity Retiree Health Care Cost Estimate. The most recent edition is the 2025 estimate, Fidelity’s 24th annual, published July 30, 2025. No 2026 edition had been published at the time of this research, so the 2025 figure is applied here as the current lifetime proxy for a 2026 retiree.
| Profile | Lifetime estimate (after tax) | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Single 65-year-old retiring in 2025 | $172,500 (more than 4% above the 2024 estimate) | Fidelity 2025 press release |
| Couple, both 65 | Approximately $345,000 (2 x single) | Fidelity learning-center page |
Fidelity’s estimate assumes a person retiring at 65 who does not have employer-provided retiree health coverage but qualifies for and enrolls in Original Medicare (Parts A, B, and D). Life expectancies align with the Society of Actuaries’ RP-2014 Healthy Annuitant rates. The estimate includes Part A and Part B premiums and cost-sharing, Part D premiums and out-of-pocket drug costs, and certain services excluded by Original Medicare. It explicitly excludes long-term care, over-the-counter medications, and most dental services (Source: Fidelity Investments 2025 Retiree Health Care Cost Estimate press release, July 30, 2025).
The single-person figure of $172,500 and the more-than-4% year-over-year increase are stated in Fidelity’s July 30, 2025 press release. The couple figure of approximately $345,000 appears on Fidelity’s own consumer learning-center pages and equals exactly twice the single figure; it is best treated as a Fidelity-derived per-couple estimate rather than a separately modeled household number.
Layer C: long-term care, the coverage Medicare does not provide
Medicare does not cover most long-term care, also called custodial care, which is help with activities of daily living such as bathing, dressing, eating, using the bathroom, and getting in and out of bed. According to medicare.gov, “Medicare doesn’t cover custodial care if it’s the only care you need,” and the beneficiary pays all costs for most long-term care (Source: Medicare.gov, “Long-term care coverage”). Medicare’s only nursing-facility benefit is skilled care, capped at 100 days per benefit period following a qualifying hospital stay, with $217 per day coinsurance for days 21-100 in 2026 and full beneficiary responsibility from day 101 (Source: CMS MM14279; Medicare.gov, “Skilled nursing facility care”).
Because long-term care is excluded from both Layer A and the Fidelity lifetime estimate, the true total-cost picture requires adding it separately. The national median prices below come from the Genworth/CareScout Cost of Care Survey, fielded July through December 2024 across 431 metropolitan statistical areas with more than 15,000 completed provider surveys, published March 4, 2025.
| Care type (US national median, 2024) | Annual | Monthly | Year-over-year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult day health care | $26,000 | $2,167 | +5% |
| Assisted living community | $70,800 | $5,900 | +10% |
| Homemaker services | $75,504 | $6,292 | +10% |
| Home health aide | $77,792 | $6,483 | +3% |
| Nursing home, semi-private room | $111,325 | $9,277 | +7% |
| Nursing home, private room | $127,750 | $10,646 | +9% |
State variation is wide. For a private nursing home room in 2024, Alaska recorded the highest median at $364,453 per year, while Texas at $85,045 and Missouri at $85,775 were among the lowest; Hawaii recorded an assisted-living high of $135,735 per year (Source: Genworth/CareScout Cost of Care Survey, 2024).
Worked example: a two-year private nursing home stay
A two-year stay in a private nursing home room at the static 2024 national median of $127,750 per year totals $255,500 (Source: computed from Genworth/CareScout 2024). Federal projections indicate roughly 10% to 13% of those turning 65 will have an extended nursing-home stay of two or more years (Source: HHS ASPE issue brief, January 2021). A stay of this length can exceed the entire Fidelity lifetime health care estimate and sits entirely outside Medicare.
Who pays for long-term care, and the misconception gap
Medicaid, not Medicare, is the primary payer for long-term nursing-facility care. In July 2024, about 1.2 million people lived in US nursing facilities, and more than 60% had Medicaid as their primary payer. Total US institutional long-term care spending was $147 billion in 2023, of which Medicaid paid 44% (Source: KFF, “5 Key Facts About Nursing Facilities and Medicaid”). Qualifying for Medicaid generally requires spending down assets to strict limits.
Public understanding of this lags reality. About 4 in 10 Americans (41%) incorrectly identify Medicare as the main coverage source for low-income nursing home residents (Source: KFF, “5 Key Facts About Nursing Facilities and Medicaid”). In a separate survey, 23% of all adults, rising to 45% of those 65 and older, incorrectly assumed Medicare would cover their nursing home costs; 90% of adults said it would be impossible or very difficult to pay the roughly $100,000-per-year cost of a nursing home, and 83% said the same about roughly $60,000 per year for an in-home aide (Source: KFF Affordability of Long-Term Services and Supports survey, 2022).
How likely is long-term care?
Federal projections for a cohort born 1941-1974 and surviving to 65 indicate that roughly 50% to 65% will develop serious long-term services and supports needs depending on lifetime-earnings quintile; roughly 53% to 63% will use some paid care during their lifetime; about 37% will receive nursing home care at some point; and roughly 10% to 13% will have an extended nursing-home stay of two or more years (Source: HHS ASPE issue brief, January 2021).
Putting the layers together
The three layers describe different time horizons and cannot simply be added. Fidelity’s $172,500 already internalizes A/B/D premiums and cost-sharing over a lifetime, so Layer A, a single-year snapshot, is not a component to be summed into it. Long-term care, by contrast, is genuinely additive to Layer B because Fidelity excludes it.
| Reference metric | Value | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| 2026 annual Medicare floor (single, standard) | $3,131.80 | Premiums + Part B deductible; $0 Part A (CY2026 CMS) |
| 2026 annual floor + full Part D cap | $5,231.80 | Ceiling, not typical spend (CY2026 CMS) |
| 2026 annual, top-income single (excludes drug out-of-pocket) | $10,067.80 | IRMAA-loaded (CY2026 CMS) |
| Lifetime, single | $172,500 | Fidelity 2025 (before LTC) |
| Lifetime, couple | ~$345,000 | Fidelity 2025 (before LTC) |
| Long-term care add-on, private nursing home | $127,750/yr | Genworth/CareScout 2024 |
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Q3 Advisors is a registered investment adviser focused on retirement tax planning. This article is educational and is not advice; for guidance on your own circumstances, consult a qualified tax or financial professional.
Frequently asked questions
What is the standard Medicare Part B premium in 2026?
The standard Part B monthly premium is $202.90 in 2026, up $17.90 from $185.00 in 2025 (Source: CMS Federal Register notice 2025-20251).
What is the Part B deductible in 2026?
The annual Part B deductible is $283 in 2026, up $26 from $257 in 2025 (Source: CMS Federal Register notice 2025-20251).
What is the Part A hospital deductible in 2026?
The inpatient hospital deductible is $1,736 per benefit period in 2026, up $60 from $1,676 in 2025, and it covers the first 60 days (Source: CMS MLN Matters MM14279).
Do most people pay a Part A premium?
No. Most beneficiaries with 40 or more work quarters pay $0 for Part A. Those with 30-39 quarters pay a reduced $311 per month in 2026, and those with fewer than 30 quarters pay up to $565 per month (Source: CMS MLN Matters MM14279; CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579).
What is the Part D out-of-pocket cap in 2026?
The annual out-of-pocket cap on covered Part D drug cost-sharing is $2,100 in 2026, indexed up from the 2025 statutory cap of $2,000. After reaching it, an enrollee pays $0 for covered Part D drugs for the rest of the year (Source: CMS Final CY 2026 Part D Redesign Program Instructions).
What is the standard Part D deductible in 2026?
The standard defined Part D annual deductible is $615 in 2026 (Source: CMS Final CY 2026 Part D Redesign Program Instructions).
What is the average Part D plan premium in 2026?
The projected average total monthly premium for a standalone Part D plan is about $34.50 in 2026, down from $38.31 in 2025. The national base beneficiary premium is $38.99 (Source: CMS press release on 2026 program stability; CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579).
What is IRMAA?
IRMAA is the income-related monthly adjustment amount, a per-person surcharge added to Part B and Part D premiums for higher-income beneficiaries. It is based on modified adjusted gross income from two years prior (Source: CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579).
At what income does IRMAA begin in 2026?
IRMAA thresholds begin at $109,000 of 2024 modified adjusted gross income for an individual and $218,000 for married filing jointly (Source: CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579; CMS Federal Register notice 2025-20251).
How much can IRMAA add in 2026?
The Part B IRMAA surcharge ranges from $81.20 to $487.00 per month per person, and the Part D IRMAA surcharge ranges from $14.50 to $91.00 per month per person. Combined, that is up to $6,936.00 per year per person at the top bracket (Source: CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579).
What does a top-bracket individual pay for Part B in 2026?
At the top bracket ($500,000 or more of 2024 MAGI for an individual), Part B costs $689.90 per month, or $8,278.80 per year, compared with $2,434.80 per year at the standard rate (Source: CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579).
Does Medicare cover long-term care?
No. Medicare does not cover most long-term or custodial care when that is the only care needed; the beneficiary pays all costs (Source: Medicare.gov, “Long-term care coverage”).
How long does Medicare cover skilled nursing facility care?
Medicare Part A covers skilled nursing facility care up to 100 days per benefit period after a qualifying hospital stay, and only for skilled care. Days 1-20 are $0, days 21-100 carry $217 per day coinsurance in 2026, and the beneficiary pays all costs from day 101 (Source: CMS MLN Matters MM14279; Medicare.gov).
What does a private nursing home room cost?
The 2024 US national median is $127,750 per year, or $10,646 per month, for a private room (Source: Genworth/CareScout Cost of Care Survey, 2024).
What does assisted living cost?
The 2024 US national median for an assisted living community is $70,800 per year, or $5,900 per month (Source: Genworth/CareScout Cost of Care Survey, 2024).
What does a home health aide cost?
The 2024 US national median for a home health aide is $77,792 per year, or $6,483 per month (Source: Genworth/CareScout Cost of Care Survey, 2024).
Who pays for most long-term nursing home care?
Medicaid, not Medicare, is the primary payer. More than 60% of the roughly 1.2 million US nursing facility residents in July 2024 had Medicaid as their primary payer (Source: KFF, “5 Key Facts About Nursing Facilities and Medicaid”).
How many people wrongly think Medicare covers nursing homes?
About 41% of Americans incorrectly identify Medicare as the main coverage source for low-income nursing home residents, and 23% of all adults, rising to 45% of those 65 and older, assume Medicare would cover their own nursing home costs (Source: KFF surveys, 2022 and later).
What is the Fidelity retiree health care estimate for 2026?
Fidelity’s most recent estimate is the 2025 edition: $172,500 after tax for a single 65-year-old and approximately $345,000 for a couple. No 2026 edition had been published at the time of this research (Source: Fidelity Retiree Health Care Cost Estimate, 2025).
Does the Fidelity estimate include long-term care?
No. The Fidelity estimate explicitly excludes long-term care, over-the-counter medications, and most dental services, so those costs must be considered separately (Source: Fidelity Investments 2025 press release).
What is the total fixed Medicare cost for a single retiree in 2026?
For a single retiree with a full work history and standard income, the fixed 2026 floor of premiums and the Part B deductible is $3,131.80 per year, or $5,231.80 if the full $2,100 Part D drug cap is reached (Source: computed from CMS 2026 rates).
How likely is it that a 65-year-old will need long-term care?
Federal projections indicate roughly half or more of those turning 65 will develop serious long-term services and supports needs, about 37% will receive nursing home care at some point, and roughly 10% to 13% will have a stay of two or more years (Source: HHS ASPE issue brief, January 2021).
Can a large Roth conversion affect Medicare premiums?
Yes, indirectly. Because IRMAA is based on modified adjusted gross income from two years prior, income events such as conversions can raise a future year’s IRMAA surcharge. See the Q3 references on Medicare IRMAA 2026 brackets and the retirement tax window for related considerations (Source: CMS medicare.gov fact sheet 11579).
Sources
CMS, “2026 Medicare Parts A & B Premiums and Deductibles” fact sheet (released Nov 14, 2025), https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/2026-medicare-parts-b-premiums-deductibles. CMS Federal Register notice 2025-20251, “Medicare Part B Monthly Actuarial Rates, Premium Rates, and Annual Deductible Beginning January 1, 2026” (Nov 19, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2025/11/19/2025-20251.txt. CMS Federal Register notice 2025-20249 (Nov 19, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2025/11/19/2025-20249.txt. CMS MLN Matters MM14279, “Medicare Deductible, Coinsurance & Premium Rates: CY 2026 Update,” https://www.cms.gov/files/document/mm14279-medicare-deductible-coinsurance-premium-rates-cy-2026-update.pdf. CMS medicare.gov fact sheet, Product No. 11579, “2026 Medicare costs” (Dec 2025), https://www.medicare.gov/publications/11579-medicare-costs.pdf. CMS, “Final CY 2026 Part D Redesign Program Instructions” (April 7, 2025), https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/final-cy-2026-part-d-redesign-program-instructions. CMS press release, “Medicare Advantage and Medicare Prescription Drug Programs Expected to Remain Stable in 2026,” https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/medicare-advantage-medicare-prescription-drug-programs-expected-remain-stable-2026. Medicare.gov, “Long-term care coverage,” https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/long-term-care; “Skilled nursing facility care,” https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/skilled-nursing-facility-care. Fidelity Investments, “Fidelity Investments Releases 2025 Retiree Health Care Cost Estimate” (July 30, 2025), https://newsroom.fidelity.com/pressreleases/fidelity-investments–releases-2025-retiree-health-care-cost-estimate–a-timely-reminder-for-all-gen/s/3c62e988-12e2-4dc8-afb4-f44b06c6d52e; Fidelity learning-center page, https://www.fidelity.com/learning-center/wealth-management-insights/how-to-prepare-for-health-care-costs-in-retirement. Genworth/CareScout Cost of Care Survey, 2024 (published March 4, 2025), https://www.carescout.com/cost-of-care and https://assets.carescout.com/55da049c1f/282102.pdf. KFF, “5 Key Facts About Nursing Facilities and Medicaid,” https://www.kff.org/medicaid/5-key-facts-about-nursing-facilities-and-medicaid/; KFF, “The Affordability of Long-Term Care and Support Services,” https://www.kff.org/health-costs/the-affordability-of-long-term-care-and-support-services/. HHS ASPE issue brief (January 2021), https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/most-older-adults-are-likely-need-use-long-term-services-supports-issue-brief-0.
About the author
Disclaimer
This material is provided by Q3 Advisors, a registered investment adviser, for informational and educational purposes only. It is not investment, legal, or tax advice, nor a recommendation or solicitation to buy or sell any security or to adopt any strategy. Information is believed to be from reliable sources as of the dates cited, but its accuracy is not guaranteed and figures are subject to change. Past performance does not guarantee future results, and the value of investments can go down as well as up. Registration with the SEC or a state does not imply a certain level of skill or training. See Q3 Advisors’ Form ADV Part 2A for information on services, fees, and conflicts of interest. Readers should consult their own qualified tax, legal, or financial advisor before making any decisions.
